Theories of Cultural Diversity

Introduction Discrimination, ratio prejudice, and male chauvinism have been evident in our societies since time immemorial though some people in all generations have tried fighting it and hence it has been reducing with time. In some communities, it was openly practiced but in some it was secretively done and both the victims and the racists pretend like nothing of that kind happens.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Theories of Cultural Diversity – Anthropological Theory: Discrimination, ratio prejudice, and male chauvinism specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This essay analyses the written works of Hagar Salamon â€Å"Between Conscious and Subconscious: Depth-to-Depth Communication in the Ethnographic Space† and Karen Brodkin â€Å"How Jews Became White Folks†. It features on the similarities and differences of the two writings by comparing and contrasting all aspects evident e.g. the main theme s, peoples opinion, the victims (Jews and Africans). Brodkin’s and Salamon’s writings on Africans Jews and Americans The two Authors, Brodkin and Salamon, clearly introduces us to the discriminated groups and their origin in that, in both stories the victims are immigrants and they are forced to accept the ill treatments in fear of being denied everything including the little that they are allowed. Brodkin (43) starts her story by quoting how Kenneth Roberts how America was founded by the Nordic race, she clearly states that Kenneth did not consider her ancestors, Jews, as the same as him i.e. at that time Jews were not referred or treated as white people. The northwestern Europeans were the only immigrants ones who were considered and treated as people and in addition they also believed that they were biologically different. Salamon on the other hand introduces us to the chewas (masters) and baryas (slaves) who are Jews originally from Northern Ethiopia but immigrated to Israel. She talk about how the Ethiopian Jews referred to as the Beta Israel or Falasha and they live in secluded communities of their own within and outside the boundaries of other Jews in Israel. They also have the issue of skin color whereby the Chewa back in their home considered themselves as not black but que or t’eyem (i.e. red or brown respectively) the barya on the other hand were perceived as tequr (black) and socially inferior compared to the Chewa (Salamon 253). The ‘Inferior communities usually face a lot of discrimination and deprivation of their fundamental rights for instance, the Baryas are not supposed to marry from any other communities except from their own even after gaining their freedom. Salamon gives a perfect example of one of her interviewees.Advertising Looking for essay on cultural studies? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More â€Å"Almaz, the oldest of the three children born to Habtes h through her relations with her master’s son-in-law, was the only one of Habtesh’s daughters who cooperated with me from the outset. A 24-year-old high school teacher with perfect written and spoken Hebrew, Almaz symbolized successful integration into Israeli society. At this period in her life, she was preoccupied with the humiliating fact that despite her success, none of her Ethiopian acquaintances would risk marrying her.†(Salamon 259) As you can see from the quote above Almaz’s father was a Chewa, a son to one her previous masters, but took no responsibility of her daughter. Salamon also says that it was common for barya women to be sexually abused or even impregnated by their masters, Mammit Almaz’s cousin consider herself lucky to have controlled her maternity by gaining freedom without a child from the chewa men. Mammit had two kids from barya men though not on her own will but to the deliberate intention of the barya men (Salamon 258). thi s shows that there were instances of male chauvinism among the freed baryas. Brodkin tells us how the Jews were after being discovered that they were the Euro-immigrant group that had sent a significant number of children to colleges in America, they faced a lot of discrimination to an extent that they were denied admission and Jewish instructors were never promoted ( Brodkin 45). Male chauvinism and racial segregation is also evident in Brodkin work than in Salamon’s. Brodkin comments about â€Å"the GI bill of rights as the 1944 Servicemen Readjustments Act† (Brodkin 47). This was the most massive affirmative action in U.S history. This act enabled sixteen soldiers who participated in the Korean War acquire jobs by preferential hiring, small loans as capital for small enterprises, lowered interest rates on mortgage and educational benefits. Only white men were the beneficiaries of this act, white women and men from other races were not favored by this act. It is clea rly quoted that black men were never offered both employment information and opportunities in the south and those already in service were discharged dishonorably and most of them denied their benefits.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Theories of Cultural Diversity – Anthropological Theory: Discrimination, ratio prejudice, and male chauvinism specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Black men were never admitted on white colleges and black colleges were over populated despite the end of Jewish and other Euro-ethnic restrictions in other words the discrimination was shifted from the Euro-ethnic groups to the African Americans. The two stories show that there must an external influence for the liberation of to take place. The American Jews required the economic recession and the great demand for labor after the war. This led to the enactment of new statutes, as quote above, that promoted the rise and recognition bot h socially and economically (Brodkin, p 51). The baryas on the other hand required Salamon.according to Almaz’s dream for them to claim their liberties. In the dream the light skinned lady who holds Almaz’s hand after she takes the 50 shekels from her is assumed to be Salamon. She, saw Salamon, in the dream prophecies’ that when Almaz attains the age of 28 she shall lead a revolution that would help all baryas attain their freedom (Salamon 260). Salamon’s and Brodkin’s work also contrast in the way the groups which are considered inferior are liberated from their position. After Salamon interviews a number of baryas who are willing to share their common experiences as slaves but never willing to talk about their personal experiences, she discovers that most of the freed baryas, e.g. Mammit, struggled for their freedom without any support or aid of any kind from the authority (government of the day) or economic circumstances (Salamon 258). On the ot her hand the Jews in America did not actually fight for their liberation but they were actually helped by the government as brodkin quotes in her summary, â€Å"The myth that Jews pulled themselves up by their own bootstraps ignores the fact that it took federal programs to create the conditions whereby the abilities of Jews and other European Immigrants could be recognized and rewarded rather than denigrated and denied. The GI Bill, the FHA and the VA mortgages were forms of affirmative action that allowed Male Jews and other Euro-American men to become suburban home owners and to get the training that allowed them to†¦ become professionals, technicians, Salesmen and managers in a growing economy†(Brodkin 51)Advertising Looking for essay on cultural studies? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The Jews in America are openly discriminated and the government even enacted laws, before the war, that helped in discriminating the south eastern Euro-immigrants from accessing education, employment and financial assistance from all aspects of the economy. In Israel the situation is different and the slavery is not openly done and it’s very hard for anyone to discover it. Salamon had been interviewing a Chewa for months and an old barya severed them tea frequently. When Salamon asked about her after noticing that she was always silent and her presence was never noticed by the hosts, Salamon managed to ask about the lady but this was ignored by the hosts who never commented about it this clearly explained to her that she was a barya. Both the chewa and the barya believe that exposing this idea of slavery to outsiders is considered as â€Å"a grave breach of faith† (Salamon 254). Lastly in both stories the ‘mixed breeds’ are considered as inferior, Brodkin wrote that Higham suggested that â€Å"the cross between any of the three European races and a Jew is a Jew† (Brodkin, p 43). Salamon also says that Almaz’s father was a the son of her mother’s, (Habtesh) master meaning she was a cross breed but still treated as a barya (Salamon 259) Conclusion The two authors write about very different times but both of them comment on three main issues (themes) racial segregation, discrimination and male Chauvinism. The victims as we have seen above are immigrant who are mistreated and deprived of their rights by others who consider themselves superior. Works Cited Brodkin, Karen. â€Å"How Jews Became White Folks† [1999]. p 43-51. Salamon, Hagar. â€Å"Between Conscious and Subconscious: Depth-to-Depth Communication in the Ethnographic Space†. Ethos, Vol. 30, [2002]. Sep., No. 3, p 249-272. This essay on Theories of Cultural Diversity – Anthropological Theory: Discrimination, ratio prejudice, and male chauvinism was written and submitted by user Vivid H0rse to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here. Theories of Cultural Diversity

English Essays

English Essays English Essay English Essay Axia College Material Appendix E Critical Analysis Forms Fill out one form for each source. Source 1 Title and Citation: Abortion-Parental Consent Laws are Necassary | | | | Quinn 4 Vonnegutâ„ ¢s purpose in this story is that humans should not be deprived of their full potential and that someone needs to stand up for what is right and the only way to do that is to go against the rules of conduct of society. Although Harrison died, he probably made an impact in history on trying to change life to the way itâ„ ¢s supposed to be with everyone being different and themselves. Overall, Jean Valjean, Fantine, Billy and Harrison all had perfectly good reasons for why they violated the law. Instead of thinking horribly of them, the audience sympathizes what they have done to try and make things right. The characters in the novels all had good reasons for what they did and they were good people for doing so. Without heroes like these, the world would be a strict mess of unhappiness. Quinn 5 Hugo, Victor. Les Miserables. New York: Simon and Shuster, 2005. Vonnegut, Kurt. Welcome to the Monkey House. Welcome to the Monkey House. New York: The Dial Press, 2006. Vonnegut, Kurt. Harrison Bergeron. Welcome to the Monkey House. New York: The Dial Press, 2006.

Term Paper on Law Questions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Term Paper on Law Questions - Essay Example In that case, a trustor in Florida established a trust with a bank in Delaware had died, leaving her grandchildren as the beneficiaries. Prior to her death, she had lived in Delaware and later moved to Florida, and still performed acts of administration and received some proceeds of the trust. The heirs had filed an action in Florida against the bank in Delaware claiming that the trust should go to the Estate of the deceased. The court held in favor of the heirs, and declared that the money held in the trust should be included in the Estate. While the prior case was pending resolution, the grandchildren had also filed in Delaware an action for determination of distribution of the trust. After determination of the Florida case, the heirs had tried to introduce the decision in their favor in the Delaware case as a bar by res judicata, which was denied by the latter, stating that the Florida court did not have jurisdiction over the bank. Furthermore, the Delaware court held the trust to be valid and in favor of the grandchildren. By appeal to the U.S. Supreme Court, both cases were consolidated and the High Court held in favor of the Delaware court, stating that the Florida court could not exercise jurisdiction over a non-resident with only sporadic and inadvertent contacts with that State. The ruling stems from the settled rule that a party may not be called upon to defend an action in a foreign tribunal anent proof that h

Christopher Billop Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Christopher Billop - Essay Example Although Christopher was unwavering in his dedication to staying within the British Empire, it was a difficult choice to make and to abide by it during the Revolution. Before the start of the war, some Quakers were seized and jailed in Virginia because they were deemed to support the colonialists (Sabine 26). The Patriots, a group fighting the British, were not a lenient people since they regularly harassed the loyalists, took their property, and even harmed them. Christopher’s vehemence against patriots in the revolution made him a target of patriots’ anger; he was abducted and held for ransom two times. On June 1779, some patriots rowed from Perth Amboy and arrested Christopher; he was detained for two months. The next kidnap happened in November 1779 and held in a jail in New Jersey. Christopher was chained to the floor and given light food to survive with (Sabine 27). He was informed that his arrest was revenge for people arrested by the British. In the second arrest, he was again detained for two months and set free after Christmas. The arrests were supposed to send a message to the loyalists that their efforts to support the British Empire were unpopular amongst the patriots. Every American was supposed to support the revolution and kick out the British.

Character description of Elizabeth from the novel book Pride and Essay

Character description of Elizabeth from the novel book Pride and Prejudice by Jane Austen - Essay Example At a ball, Lizzy Bennet is insulted by Mr.Darcy, when he refuses Mr.Bingely's offer of an introduction to her. But Lizzy reports this slight to her friends in jest. Her playful and easy going nature are revealed by this incident. When Lizzy and Jane are discussing Mr.Bingely's sisters, Lizzy shows herself to be very observant. Also according to the author, her judgment is not troubled by any self absorption and her temper is also not as pliant as her sister's. Lizzy's physical appearance is described as being light and pleasing by Mr.Darcy. Though he initially remarks that there is not one pleasing feature in her face, he admits that the intelligence in her dark eyes have a charm all their own which renders her face intelligent. Her manners are also said to be playful if not exactly fashionable. After his initial dislike, Mr.Darcy reverses his opinion and tries to get to know her better. But Lizzy sticks to her initial opinion of him and refuses to give him a chance. She is sarcastic in conversation with him and assumes that he is continuing to judge her poorly, not being aware of the reversal in his opinion. Sometime later an invitation arrives, asking Miss Jane to come to tea at Netherfield, the residence of Mr.Bingely. Due to a mishap she falls ill and is forced to stay the night.

Health Risk Of Cell Phones

Health Risk Of Cell Phones The cellular phone is a pervasive technology that has evolved from a luxury item justified only by the rich businessman to a necessity to some and an addiction to others. According to Portio Research Limited approximately 4.344 billion cell phones are in use globally. Since the latter part of 2008 one fifth of households in the United States have chosen this technology as their sole method of voice communication, replacing traditional landline telephones. Source: Fram, (2009). A 2009 Marist Poll found that 87% of U.S. residents say they own a cell phone. So what exactly is a cellular telephone? History tells us that Alexander Graham Bell received the first U.S. patent for a communication device called the telephone in 1875. This device allowed a human voice to be transmitted across a cooper wire. We grew up with the telephone and in my generation every house had at least one telephone. The first patent for cordless phone technology was given in 1959 but the technology did not become commercially viable until the breakup of the Ma Bell monopoly in the early 1980s, it was then that several companies started manufacturing wireless phone systems. These cordless phone systems were still connected to landlines but in actuality were two way radios using RF or Radio Frequency technology. Radio waves are part of the electromagnetic spectrum of radiation. Todays cell phones use EHF (Extremely High Frequency) or microwaves which are the same technology our microwave ovens are based on. Because the telephone started out as a safe technology we grew up using, people do not even think about the possible negative health consequences of using their cell phone. Cell phone usage has negative effects to your health. However when it comes to the health risks associated with using a cell phone, there is conflicting research. Mobile phone technology is new and its effects are unknown. We have only been using wireless communication technology for the last thirty years. There are not large enough studies conducted over long enough periods of time to come to the conclusion that this technology is safe. Cigarette smoking and even X-Rays where once thought to be safe, until enough information came to light to prove the dangers of using them. Most of the major studies have been done in countries that have a financial stake in the manufacturing of cell phones. Interphone is one of the largest studies ever done. It took place over the course of ten years and included the research of 13 different countries, comprising subjects from the age of 30-59. Even with large studies such as Interphone (which included 14,078 cases), there are on going debates about what the data actually means, thus with no conclusive results the report remains unpublished. But one thing they all agree on is that more research is needed. (Reardon, 2009, para. 6). Another issue involved is that the te chnology being used is rapidly evolving; the current incarnation of the cell phone is less than ten years old. The Stewart Report from the International Experts Group on Mobile Phones claims (Stewart, 2000, 40) New Telecommunications technologies have been introduced without full provision of information about their nature and without prior discussion within the scientific community about the consequences for health. The research is static while the technology is dynamic. The use of Cell phones increases the risk of cancer. Using a cell phone held up against your ear can increase your risk of getting cancer or brain tumors due to the proximity of the radiations source to the head and brain. There are many studies available which indicate a link between various types of cancer and cell phone usage. A study done in Sweden by Dr. Lennart Hardwell showed that the risk of acoustic neuroma and glioma are increased from 20% (low grade giloma) to 400% (high grade giloma) by long term mobile phone use (>10 years), highest risk category being ipsilateral exposure. Source: (Harwell, Carlberg, SÃ ¶derqvist, Mild Morgan, 2007). Dr. Ronald B. Herberman, MD and Director of the University of Pittsburg Cancer Institute and UPMC Cancer Center testified before the Domestic Policy Subcommittee Oversight and Government Reform Committee My attention was directed to a large body of evidence, including expert analyses showing absorption of RF into the brain and the comprehensive Bioinitiative Report, review of experimental a nd public health studies pointing to potential adverse biologic effects of RF signals, including brain tumors, associated with long-term and frequent use of cell phones held to the ear. Source: Herberman, R. (2008). Dr Herberman felt strongly enough about the connection between increased cancer risk and using a cell phone that he issued a warning to his staff which included 10 detailed steps to reduce exposure to the RF electromagnetic radiation. Cell phones do not cause cancer. Sources such as the US Food and Drug Administration and the American Cancer Society have found cell phone usage has not been directly linked to an increased risk of brain, and other cancers. The United States Food and Drug Administration is the government agency responsible for evaluating and regulating the safety of products that emit radiation. These products cover medical to entertainment electronics. The FDA website under the topic of Radiation emitting products, health issues, a simple question is asked and answered, Do cell phones pose a health hazard? Source: www.fda.gov (2010). The answer clearly states the scientific evidence has not proven that cell phones cause cancer or any other health issues. The American Cancer Society has evaluated close to 30 studies which were focused on the relationship between tumors and cell phone usage. The results of these studies have been similar. Most studies do not show a dose-response relationship a tendency for the risk of brain tumors t o increase with increasing cell phone use, which would be expected if cell phone use caused brain tumors. Source: www.cancer.org (2010). Certainly these organizations are credible and have no financial interest in the outcome of this controversial health topic. Mobile phones emit low-level RF. Because the RF levels emitting are so low, there is no direct link between mobile phones and health issues. According to the FDA cell phone levels of RF are low putting them into the range of microwaves. Microwaves produce non-ionizing radiation, not to be confused with ionizing radiation such as gamma or x-rays which does have a damaging effect on biological tissue. The Federal Communications Commission defines a biological effect as a measurable change in a biological system. The presence of a biological change does not translate into something that is biologically harmful. When the biological effect causes detectable impairment of the health of the individual or of his or her offspring it is categorized as harmful to ones safety. Source: U.S. Federal Communications Commission, Office of Engineering and Technology, (1999). These RF levels are only at their peak when actually transmitting and receiving, which limits the amount of exposure. The FDA stated that no prove existed that cellular phones are dangerous, however if people still have apprehension there many preventive methods that can be implanted to further decrease exposure to the already low level of RF energy. Cartoon Interpretation In this cartoon the author is suggesting that user is aware that using his cell phone is dangerous, by the comical way he attempts to protect himself with the metal helmet. In addition he appears to be discussing these concerns with his physician, who states If youre worried about the dangers of mobile phones why dont you use it less. As with any other type of radiation, the time of the exposure is one of the factors that determine the patient dose. By suggesting that the patient use his phone less the doctor is re-enforcing this principal. With the advent on new technologies such as mobile internet, text messaging and email people are using their cell phones for extended periods of time and carry them constantly. By turning the phone off when not in use the patient could further decrease his exposure. Another concept radiation protection uses is increasing the distance between them and the source of radiation. This patient could eliminate the need for his humorous helmet by using so me ear buds with a microphone. The ear buds would allow him to use his cell phone without having the phone pressed against the temporal bone, which is in close proximity to the brain. Most cell phones today included these ear buds in the box, I know my Blackberry did. The other option is to use the speakerphone which is my personal favorite, especially in the car. I would also recommend he not carry the phone on his person, he could simply turn the phone off or put it in Airplane mode when not using it. Conclusion Radiation protection is founded on the premise that there is no safe amount of ionizing radiation. We should apply this approach when thinking about how and when we use our cellular phones even though they emit non-ionizing radiation. All the negative health implications of long-term cell phone usage are still unknown. Brain tumors take at least 10 to 20 years to manifest themselves. Source: Khurana, G. (2008). Taking a lesson taught to us from history with the health issues associated with x-rays and cigarettes, we need to take a more conservative approach when using a cell phone. Cell phones are now rated for how much specific absorbed rate per kilogram (SAR) they emit. There are many sources on the internet that compare the specific absorbed rate of phones from various manufacturers. Choose a cell phone model which emits a low amount of radiation to begin with. As consumers we should demand that objective studies be done over a long period of time using a number of subjects signif icantly relative to the amount of people using this technology. These studies must be conducted by experts in the medical community familiar with studying the mechanism of the causes of cancer. We should pressure our lawmakers to put in place more stringent requirements when it comes to minimizing the specific absorbed rate and improve the design to minimize. While not within the scope of this paper, I would be negligent not to mention the importance of controlling the cell phone usage of our children; their bodies are far more susceptible to the effects of RF radiation. Source: Khurana, G. (2008). The biggest challenge is to make people understand that no one is asking them to stop using their cell phone. Cell phones are an invaluable communication technology. For your own well being and that of your family please be aware of the dangers and how to limit the effects of them.

Painting What We See Within: A Look at the Insides of Art Therapy Essay

Painting What We See Within: A Look at the Insides of Art Therapy One of the most memorable experiences I had last summer was visiting the American Visionary Art Museum in Baltimore, Maryland. (3)At this museum, professional artists had created none of the works hanging on the walls. Visionary art is an individualized expression by people with little or no formal training; the rules of art as a school did not apply here. While I was there, I learned that for many years, the artwork created by patients of mental institutions, hospitals, and nursing homes were disregarded and destroyed by their caretakers. After seeing what powerful and telling work came from many people in these situations, I found this information to be very distressing. Fortunately, the development of art as a form of therapy has changed the medical attitude toward art created by the healing in the past fifty years. While the work created through this therapy is rarely showcased as at the American Visionary, it is aiding therapists and their clients in reaching a new awareness. Art therapy uses media and the creative process in healing, the key word here being process. We all know how revealing the artwork of children can be of their emotions. Art therapy applies this concept across the spectrum in a multitude of situations. It functions in many of the same settings as conversational therapy: mental health or rehabilitation facilities, wellness centers, educational institutions, nursing homes, in private practices or in a client's home. An art therapist may work with an individual or group, in families or couples. While most therapy is based on conversation between the therapist and his or here client/s, art therapy integrates visual communication into th... .... Personally, I don't see why the developments in the study of art therapy shouldn't change our attitudes toward creative arts in general. When was the last time you sat down with crayons and drew a picture, or put on your favorite song and danced just for the heck of it? Sure, if you are creatively talented you might study art or music, but through as we get older we take even our most creative work too seriously. We try to make it good according to external standards rather than doing it for our own good. In the broader sense of things, I don't think art therapy is just for the healing. I believe our lives would be brighter and less stressful if we got into the habit of being just a little creative every day. Internet Sources: 1)http://www.arttherapy.org/ 2)http://www.avam.org/ 3)http://www.artsintherapy.com/ 4)http://www.creativeresponse.org.uk/

An Inspector Calls Essay

Throughout the play An Inspector Calls JB Priestly uses the characters to portray the different levels of society. He does this so as to give each class a moral belief and name. The play is called ‘An Inspector calls’ and was written in 1946 by J. B. Priestly. It is set in the year 1912, in between the time in which it was set and the year it was written two world wars had taken place. In 1912 classes were very different and were socially divided. There was a lot of poor people and very few rich people. A lot of the rich people disliked the working class and disrespected them. He uses the characters Mr and Mrs Birling to represent capitalists they are middle class and only out for themselves. They bid for higher prices and pay their labourers little so they make as much profit as possible. Gerald is of a higher middle class and is much younger, he has some empathy for the lower class but is still very much a capitalist. His parents Lady and Lord Croft are of a higher status than the Birlings but they share the same socialistic views. Both Eric and Sheila have a lot of empathy for Eva Smith, they were brought up by capitalist parents which means that their judgement can be swayed to a capitalist view but morally they see what they have done and are willing to accept that. The inspector, represents JB Priestly’s views of society. The Inspector’s last speech sums up how Priestly feels about capitalism and such. â€Å"but just remember this. One Eva Smith has gone but there are millions and millions and millions of Eva Smiths and John Smiths with us, with their lives, their hopes and fears, their suffereing and chance of happiness, all interwined with our lives, and what we think and say and do. We don’t live alone. We are members of one body. We are responsible for each other. And I tell that the time will soon come when if men will not learn that lesson, then they will be taught it in fire and blood and aguish† In this play JB Priestly is aiming to make his audience think again about their views and make them realise that everyone should be responsible for everybody else. Mr Birling is a middle class, wealthy business man who used to be â€Å"an alderman for years – and lord mayor two years ago† he is a magistrate and talks of his â€Å"way into the next honours list. Just a knighthood† He is described as being â€Å"heavy looking† and as being â€Å"in his middle fifties. † Through the inspector’s questioning the audience are made aware of all aspects good and bad. His good side being that he cares about his daughter getting married to his fiancee â€Å"treating Gerald like on of the family. † His bad points being a mans priority – his work and reputation. He comes across a being very mean, cruel and even extremely pompous as a complete snob – in his opinion, his and only his views are correct. Since he is a self made man he thinks that every man is for himself and is strongly against collective responsibility. This is a part he tries to imprint into much of Gerald and Eric. He does this by preaching to them, â€Å"The worlds developing so fast that it’ll make war impossible† an example of Dramatic irony which Priestley uses alot throughout the play. Priestly attempts to convey the part that these values are incorrect and though the inspectors final speech he lets the audience know that: if men will not learn that lesson, then they will be taught in fire and blood and anguish† The most important factor of Mr Birlings character is that he is incapable of change: Priestly wants the audience to know that change is the key. As well as Priestly the audience or the reader can see that the fire, blood and anguish is referring to the war, therefore the audience should realise that the moral lessons are not only meant for the Birlings but also for the audience. If the Arthur Birlings of this world don’t change war will never cease. Mrs Birling is the wife of Arthur, she is an extremely callus woman who is very out of touch with the reality of life. She has a lack of understanding in certain areas, such as her naivety to her son when she is preaching â€Å"find this young man and then make sure that he has compelled to confess in public his responsibility† Mrs Birling is constantly very hypocritical: she first describes Gerald’s relationship with Eva (Daisy) as â€Å"a disgusting affair. † Then later when the inspector is found to be false she is quite content worth forgetting about the whole thing. Also he begins by laying all the blame on the â€Å"young man† that impregnated Eva saying, â€Å"he should be made an example of†, but when Eric, her son is found to be the young man she denies all comments previously made until Sheila reveals them. She is very prejudice and has awfully stereotypical views. Gerald is the son of a big rival of Arthur’s Sir George Croft. He is well mannered of course and very self but he too has moral flaws. Whether Inspector Goole was truthfully an inspector or not shouldn’t have changed the fact that Gerald had commited a moral crime through his exploitation of Eva. Although he sets out with good intentions in the way that he saves Eva from Alderman Meggarty, his utilisation of his social standing and economic power to use Eva is wrong. The audience can also see his lack of loyalty from the way he betrayed Sheila at such ease. The way that he begins the sequence of proceedings leading to the view that the inspector wasn’t an inspector shows that he reacts on his suspicions. Gerald wasn’t all bad though he gave Eva more than any other character in the play and â€Å"had some affection for her and mad her happy for a time. He also didn’t burden Eva with a child, as did Eric. He is much more concerned with legalities than moralities, as are Mr and Mrs Birling, in the way Mr Birling treated Eva is warranted. Gerald is also similar to Mr and Mrs Birling in his inability to change. Sheila in her early twenties and at the beginning seems quite self-centred in the way that she loves the attention she is receiving because of her engagement. She appeared to be shallow taking her misfortune out on others by getting Eva scared at Milwards because she smiled at the assistant and looked better in a hat than Sheila did. She uses her position to bully the less fortunate, ordering the manager at Milwards â€Å"if they don’t get rid of that girl, id never go near the place again and id persuade mother to close tour account with them. † But unlike Mr and Mrs Birling and Gerald, she is authentically sorry for her action and doesn’t share their moral faults and so has that potential to change. She shows this potential by the way she accepts that Gerald cheated on her and respects him for admitting it, she realise the importance of honestly and gives him the opportunity to change. Sheila realises â€Å"these girls aren’t cheap labour – they’re people† and the fact that she comprehends things like that is why she is to seem to the audience that she is a better person than Gerald and her parents. Sheila begins to understand the values the inspector is trying to preach and how they are more logical than her families’ principals. She can therefore comprehend that her mother is â€Å"beginning all wrong† and that Mrs Birling should â€Å"stop stop† where as nobody else can grasp this essential point. Sheila may have been a brat, but the fact that she and Eric are â€Å"more impressionable† enables her to understand that people need to learn from past errors and change. It is the ability to change that separates her, and Eric from the other Characters. At the beginning of the play, Priestley sets out an extensive series of stage directions. He applies them effectively as a dramatic device, in that he uses them to show how the Birling family are cold, distant people and how capitalism has corrupted them as a family. He illustrates how the family are very well off, alluding to â€Å"dessert plates† and â€Å"champagne glasses† as well as other expensive items. However, there is also a sense of formality and distance between the family members as he writes that â€Å"men are in tails and white ties† and that it is â€Å"not cosy and homelike†. He also emphasises the remoteness between Mr and Mrs Birling by situating them at opposite ends of the table. Included in the stage directions is the colour and brightness of the lighting. Priestley also uses this as a dramatic device skilfully. The lighting first used is described as â€Å"pink and intimate† showing a ‘warm’ and ‘joyful’ atmosphere. However the audience gets the sense that it is just a screen covering up secrets and that they are in fact looking through ‘rose-tinted glasses’ and that it is not really what it seems. This is confirmed when the Inspector appears and the lighting changes to a â€Å"brighter and harder light† where it gives the impression of exposure and the revelation of truth. In this way, the character of the Inspector has also been used as a dramatic device. He is used to convey a message, as a mouthpiece to Priestley’s views. He makes it seem as if socialism is the true and honest way to live. The Inspector does not use euphemisms and instead uses graphic imagery in order to shock the Birlings into giving him information, â€Å"she’d swallowed a lot of strong disinfectant, Burnt her inside out of course†. He also has a feeling of omniscience and an almost ghostly presence. His name, Inspector Goole, indicates this as Goole sounds like Ghoul and Inspector sounds like spectre. The Inspector is used to ‘correct’ the capitalists and makes a strong statement in favour of socialism in his final rhetorical speech. In this speech he states that for lower class, â€Å"Eva Smiths and John Smiths† there is a â€Å"chance of happiness† in socialism. The Inspector also makes the audience realise that they are â€Å"members of one body† and that they should try their best to help people like Eva Smith, otherwise, as the Inspector implies, â€Å"they will be taught in fire and blood and anguish†. This almost acts as a threat to the audience and incites them to recognize the value of Priestley’s message. Dramatic irony is also used in many ways as a dramatic device. It is used to promote the Inspector yet mock Mr Birling. In Mr Birling’s speech at the beginning of the play, he proudly states that â€Å"as a hard-headed businessman† he thinks that â€Å"there isn’t a chance of war† and that the Titanic is â€Å"absolutely unsinkable†. With the play being published after two world wars and the sinking of the Titanic, Priestley makes the audience think that Birling is a fool. Whereas the Inspector, who states in his final speech that â€Å"they will be taught in fire and blood and anguish† indicating that there will be a war, is elevated by the use of dramatic irony. This makes the audience believe the socialist views of the Inspector instead of the ‘foolish’ views of Mr Birling. The fact that a meaningful message is represented would indicate that An Inspector Calls, as well as being a murder mystery, in the way that Priestley uncovers the story of the death of Eva Smith, is also a moralistic play. Priestley shows the audience how not to live their lives, using dramatic devices to demonstrate this. He makes the audience contemplate over the fact that they are actually â€Å"members of one body† and that they are all â€Å"responsible for one another† and has made them realise that socialism is the way forward instead of capitalism. In this way, An Inspector Calls is very relevant today’s society where people still do need to work together and help others in need. J. B. Priestley effectively uses many dramatic devices in An Inspector Calls, such as symbolism and timings. He applies them in order to portray his political views, using an upper class, Edwardian family to do so. The end of the play was ambiguous and it left the audience craving a clear and understandable ending. Were there more girls than just Eva Smith? Was Inspector Goole real? What really was real? Some people thought Goole was a spirit that had come to foretell the future, others thought there were multiple girls in the pictures, while a few thought it was the same girl just in a different pose. Priestly uses the characters to speak his mind and get across wants he thinks through characters and that’s why people are leaving wanting more.

A Review of Intelligence for an Age of Terror (Treverton, 2009).

Introduction This book by Treverton (2009) is argued here to be a vitally important area of work that looks specifically at the way in which the use of intelligence has naturally had to change as a result of modern society. Interestingly, although there is a clear aim not to apportion blame specifically for the recent atrocities, the author indicates that he feels there is a link between the United States and their flawed approach to intelligence and the high profile terror attacks that have taken place in the US. Significantly, the author is very careful not to apportion blame or finger point and maintains a balanced and critical approach when trying to establish a link and to look at the role of intelligence. Main Arguments Presented In this book, the author actually goes on to break down the failures, in order to try to identify the impact that the specific shortcomings are having on the magnitude and nature of the target of the threats. He recognises in this analysis that, in many cases, the intelligence approaches are enshrined in the Cold War security approaches of looking at the organisation and the tactical decisions of the intelligence offerings, rather than focusing on the actual threats that are being faced in the current climate (Riley et al 2005). One of the main aspects of the book which provides added value to the information that is being presented is that, although the author spends time identifying the failings, he also spends some considerable time looking at the way in which the changes he suggests could be implemented, in practice. As a professional with experience in the field, this shows and adds considerable value to what would otherwise be a potentially academic discussion. In order to achieve this, the author takes a very pragmatic view, with the initial stage being to look at the nature of the risks that are looking at being targeted from intelligence operations. He states that recognising the threats is the first step towards then being able to r ecognise the way these should be handled. It is this pragmatic approach which looks at both the practical reality and the academic study that makes this book so informative in the area of intelligence being used in the terror context. The author follows themes and after identifying them he then goes on to look at how intelligence should be reformed to deal with the modern challenges. In order to identify the best way to deal with intelligence and to look at the reform of intelligence culture, there is a need first to consider the actual route of the threat and where it emanates from. One underlying argument and theme which is presented by the author here and which adds particular value to the discussion, in the opinion of the reviewer, is to look at the role of the nation state as being at the root of the changing dynamic. For example, during the Cold War, the focus of terror attacks was typically nation states and as such the intelligence gathering focussed on these entities. As ti me has passed, the nation states have become much more than simply target areas. Nation states can often offer a great deal of information that adds to the knowledge and understanding of the general issues of intelligence. Increasingly however in the modern context, the non-state actors play a vitally important role and it is argued by the author here that much of the role of the modern intelligence officer is to look at understanding the distinctions and various nuances that exist within these non-state actors, in such a way that their own motivation and actions can be better understood (p.141) Linked to this thread of discussion and again a vitally important aspect of the role of intelligence is that there are considerably more individuals, groups and entities that are involved in the area of intelligence gathering to prevent terrorism. With this increased number of people involved, the author places a great deal of focus on the idea that, whilst agencies may well have the technol ogy to share information, they do not necessarily have the appropriate policies in place and therefore the underlying policies need to be reviewed, if modern challenges are going to be dealt with. As an overall position, the author maintains that there needs to be a reasonable means of supplying information across all relevant actors and to ensure that the information which is being presented is relevant and measured, so that the correct people can react quickly and appropriately. By focusing on some of the practical difficulties faced in the current climate, it is argued here that the author gains a much higher degree of legitimacy than other academic analyses in this area may achieve; in particular, the author recognises that it is necessary to take a balance between the need to improve security, but also to provide privacy and security for individuals’ information (Snowden, 2002). He notes that paying attention to legality and legitimacy is in fact increasingly important t o the anti-terror efforts and that there then needs to be a total review of the policies associated with anti-terror activities as the main way of managing and combating such issues. He supports this by suggesting that factors such as encouraging intelligence authorities to create a method whereby they can share information with other entities in a constructive and balanced manner is as important, if not more so, than the actual intelligence itself. Conclusions On balance, it is argued that this book presents an interesting and well informed opinion on the modern challenges facing the intelligence industry. By being an author who has practical experience in this area, it is suggested that this allows the text to gain legitimacy and also to take a more rounded view of the challenges being faced. Finally, providing practical and well backed up suggestions for the future means that this text presents real value to the area of intelligence and counter terrorist activities. It is concluded, therefore, that this is a well-balanced and informative text that fills a gap within the current understanding of the intelligence industry. Reference Riley et al., (2005) State and Local Intelligence in the War on Terrorism, Santa Monica, CA: RAND Corporation Snowden, D (2002) Complex Acts of Knowing: Paradox and Descriptive Self-Awareness, Journal of Knowledge Management, Special Issue, September. Treverton, G. (2009). Intelligence for an Age of Terror. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

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buy custom Evidence Pressure Ulcers: Risk Factors, Risk Assessment and Prevention of HAPU Introduction The increasing incidences of hospital acquired pressure ulcers is becoming a great concern for health care professionals. Pressure ulcers refer to localized injuries to the skin or the underlying tissue, which occur over a bony prominence because of pressure. The condition remains a key issue affecting about 3 million adults. Further, the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services reported that it would not cover the extra costs incurred for hospital-acquired ulcers. The announcement by the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services has led to an increased focus on the preventive strategies and inspection of pressure ulcers developing in patients after admission. An evidence-based nursing practice can be used in preventing hospital acquired pressure ulcers. Against this backdrop and based on evidence provided by previous literature, this paper develops a plan on the prevention of HAPU using the Braden Scale Tool.

Ethics_society Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Ethics_society - Essay Example The essence of utilitarianism is to minimize suffering across the world and maximize happiness. In such a case, the society becomes aligned in the most effective way as people only focus on making themselves and others happy. The moral essence of any action is largely determined by its outcome or consequences. In this case, both the actual consequences and the intended consequences are factors of core consideration. Utilitarianism in its own self therefore seeks to foster a just society where every person respects the other and seeks to enhance the happiness of everybody (Paley, 56). The concept of deontology on the other hand seeks to judge the aspect of morality in the actions of people on whether such actions adhere to the rules. It is known that rules are intended to create justice and fairness by guiding the conduct of humanity towards doing what is morally right. In this regard, it is seen that the consequences of actions do not really matter but the intention or motives of the people who do them. In this regard, the consequences of an action will always be right as long as the intention is of the doer is right. In the practical sense, deontological ethics are quite important in creating a society where people only wish well and are focused on doing the right thing. Such a society is indeed important in enhancing peace, morality and ethical conduct (Paley, 112). Deontological ethics are therefore a justification for certain actions. In any case, the mere following of moral codes of conduct is not enough. It is important to have the right motivations in the actions we do. Thus, a person might essentially not be regarded as immoral even though they might have broken a moral rule. Subjective determination of duties and obligations does not therefore find room in this context. Rather, it is a matter of objective

International Relation 2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

International Relation 2 - Essay Example One of these books is An Account, Much Abbreviated, of the Destruction of the Indies by Bartolome de las Casas (2003). In this text, he focuses on the genocide and greed of the Spaniards. He argues that Christians have killed so many native souls, because of their materialistic passion for gold and goal of making themselves rich in a very short time. de las Casas makes sense of the Spanish war in the Americas as a brutal strategy for pursuing purely materialistic purposes. The particular view of history he uses is that of a polemicist, where he criticizes the barbaric approach of the Spaniards against the Indians. Furthermore, he is guilty of representing the Americas as utopia, and his descriptions and history present problems of self-biases and inaccuracies, since he is also advancing his own interests of promoting colonization for evangelical purposes. de las Casas makes sense of the Spanish war in the Americas as an atrocious strategy for pursuing purely materialistic purposes. F or many Spaniards, the new world promises wealth, fame, and distinction, even for priests, but upon arrival there, de las Casas realizes that the Spaniards are not after noble purposes. First, de las Casas takes account of the millions of natives killed, because Spaniards launched widespread genocide. de las Casas does not use the term genocide, but he describes islands with vanished populations, which remarks of the genocidal practices of the Spaniards. He says: â€Å"As to the firm land, we are certainly satisfied, and assur’d, that the Spaniards by their barbarous and execrable Actions have absolutely depopulated Ten Kingdoms, of greater extent than all Spain† and even â€Å"together with the Kingdoms of Arragon and Portugal, that is to say, about One Thousand Miles, which now lye wast [sic] and desolate†¦above Fifty Millions in all paid their debts† (7). The colonization originally aims to spread civilization, Christianity, and expand the Spanish Kingdo m, but de las Casas witnesses something less purer. He stresses that Christian Spaniards are motivated to kill by the millions, with such viciousness, because of aspirations of wealth and power: â€Å"Now the ultimate end and scope that incited the Spaniards to endeavor the Extirptation [sic] and Desolation of this People, was Gold only; that thereby growing opulent in a short time† they could be attain â€Å"Degrees and Dignitaries† that were â€Å"no ways consistent with their Persons† (8). These accounts show that materialism had driven the motive for so many senseless deaths that de las Casas capitalized on. The particular view of history that de las Casas uses is that of a polemicist, where he disparages the barbaric approach of the Spaniards against the Indians (Boyer 365). Boyer says: â€Å"[An Account, Much Abbreviated, of the Destruction of the Indies]†¦ represents Las Casas the polemicist and pamphleteer, belonging to that portion of his oeuvre t hat can be characterized as politicized and politicizing rhetoric, in contrast to the longer pieces like the Historia de las Indias† (365). This view demonstrates that de las Casas writes about the history of the Incas from the biased point of polemics, where he argues for better treatment of the natives, thereby acting as an intermediary between the Indians and the monarchy. He comes across to his audience by using more of pathos or emotions to depict